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Penal Issues
Coordination : Renée ZAUBERMAN
Maquette et diffusion : Isabelle PASSEGUÉ
Traduction : Helen ARNOLD
Penal Issues est l’édition anglaise de Questions Pénales.
Jusqu’à fin 2006, cette publication reprenait, en une édition papier annuelle, les numéros de l’année précédente de Questions Pénales.
Depuis 2007, Penal Issues est diffusé exclusivement par voie électronique, cinq fois par an environ.
Coordinator : Renée ZAUBERMAN
Layout and circulation : Isabelle PASSEGUÉ
Translator : Helen ARNOLD
Penal Issues is the English edition of Questions Pénales.
Up to the end of 2006, Penal Issues was published as a single annual paper issue collecting the previous year’s quarterly issues of Questions Pénales.
As from 2007, Penal Issues has been exclusively circulated in electronic form, about 5 times a year.
Si cet abonnement gratuit vous intéresse, envoyez vos coordonnées complètes à abonnement-qp-pi@cesdip.fr
Pour les anciens numéros, aller à la rubrique "Archives"
ORGANISED CRIME AND THE CORRUPTION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM : IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE
Sappho XENAKIS is RBUCE-UP Marie Curie Fellow at CESDIP. At CESDIP she is pursuing a two-year research project on international law enforcement co-operation against organised crime and political violence, which is funded jointly under the RBUCE-UP programme by the universities research hub Paris UniverSud and the European Union (Marie Curie Actions). Presented below is a policy paper that draws on findings from research carried out on the relationship between organised crime and corruption (...)
NIGHTWATCHERS, A NEW CONTRIBUTION TO THE REGULATION OF PUBLIC SPACE ?
The present edition of Penal Issues draws on a survey conducted by Jacques DE MAILLARD and Patricia BÉNEC’H-LE ROUX for the city of Paris on the Paris nightwatcher scheme (Research report, « Évaluation de l’activité des correspondants de nuit de la Ville de Paris » (« Evaluation of the Activity of Nightwatchers Employed by the City of Paris »), Guyancourt, CESDIP, « Études et Données Pénales » Series, 2011, 111). It analyses the modes of regulation of public space implemented by this type of activity. (...)
THE VIEWER AND THE VIEWED. CIRCULATING IMAGES OF THE POLICE, BETWEEN PROFESSIONALS, THE MASS MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC
Michael MEYER is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Lausanne and associate researcher at the CESDIP. He reports findings from in his thesis in sociology (2011) devoted to an analysis of policing viewed through its interactions with media-shaped social imageries. He takes special interest in the new « media-linked risks » for officers on the streets, including copwatching, as well as in the development of public relations by police departments. In everyday life, we all experience (...)
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COURTS AND THE CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
In this paper, Christian MOUHANNA discusses some findings from a study of relations between the courts and the Correctional administration. The study received funding from the « Law and Justice » Research Mission. It was conducted with the collaboration of Joséphine BASTARD, Patricia BÉNEC’H-LE ROUX, Véronique LE GOAZIOU and Benoît GAUTHIER. The enforcement of sentences pronounced by the courts has recently become – or again become – a major concern, not only for the Ministry of Justice and (...)
CUSTODIAL FACILITIES FOR JUVENILES : BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL RATIONALES AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES
Comparing Juvenile Correctional Facilities, Juvenile Wings in Correctional Centres and Custodial Educational Centres
Francis BAILLEAU discusses findings from a research project on custodial facilities for juveniles, conducted in collaboration with Nathalie GOURMELON (CIRAP-ENAP) and Philip MILBURN (Laboratoire Printemps, UMR CNRS-UVSQ). Their project received financial aid from the « Law and Justice » Research Mission. Kathia BARBIER and Nadia BEDIAR contributed to data collection. The setting up, by the Perben I Act in 2002, of a new type of custodial facility exclusively designed for juveniles, the so (...)
MEASURING CAR-CRIME IN FRANCE : VICTIMISATION SURVEYS AND POLICE STATISTICS SINCE THE MID 1980s
This is the next of a series of presentations, by Penal Issues, of studies on crime trends. The series started with papers on homicide (September 2008) and non-lethal personal violence (December 2008), personal theft (June 2010), and burglary (March 2011). The present paper, based on work by Renée ZAUBERMAN, Philippe ROBERT, Sophie NÉVANEN and David BON, on contract with the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, is devoted to car crime. Measuring crime is a complex operation for which research, (...)
SENTENCE-SERVING WITHIN THE COMMUNITY : CAUGHT BETWEEN CRIMINOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND FLOW MANAGEMENT
Xavier DE LARMINAT is preparing his doctoral thesis at the CESDIP and working as Temporary Teaching and Research Attaché (ATER) in political science at the University Versailles-Saint-Quentin. He discusses some of his findings on sentence-serving within the community. For the criminal justice system, measures and sanctions are said to be « within the community » when they are enforced « outside prison walls » but require some form of control. In that sense, the community differs both from (...)
MEASURING BURGLARIES IN FRANCE : VICTIMISATION SURVEYS AND POLICE STATISTICS SINCE THE MID 1980s
Penal Issues pursues the publication of studies on crime trends. Following the issues on homicide (September 2008, XXI, 4), non-lethal personal violence (December 2008, XXI, 5) and personal theft (June 2010, XXIII, 3), the present paper, on burglary, is based on research by Renée ZAUBERMAN, Philippe ROBERT, Sophie NÉVANEN and David BON on contract with the Agence Nationale de la Recherche. Measuring crime is a complex operation, for which research has sought to diversify its sources, (...)
COOPERATION IN POLICING SCHENGEN AREA BORDERS : THE CZECH REPUBLIC/AUSTRIAN EXAMPLE
Mathilde DARLEY is a researcher at the CESDIP. She reports on the findings of a study conducted between 2004 and 2007 on cooperation between police forces, in the framework of her doctoral thesis on the control of illegal immigration in Austria and the Czech Republic. Transdisciplinary research on borders has flourished since the late 1980s, but most so called Border Studies focus on social and cultural life in border areas, or on the effects of frontiers on the experience and perceptions (...)
RAPE CASES BROUGHT TO ASSIZES COURTS : TYPOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS
Véronique LE GOAZIOU is a sociologist working as associate researcher at the CESDIP (CNRS). Laurent MUCCHIELLI, also a sociologist, is a senior researcher at the CNRS (CESDIP). The present study was conducted at the request of the DACG (Direction des Affaires Criminelles et des Grâces, The Bureau of Criminal Affairs and Pardons) of the Ministry of Justice, with support from the "Droit et Justice" (Law and Justice) Research Mission. While homicides have declined steadily in France since the (...)
MEASURING PERSONAL THEFTS IN FRANCE : VICTIMISATION SURVEYS AND POLICE STATISTICS SINCE THE MID-1980s
This issue pursues the presentation of the CESDIP’s studies on crime trends, in the wake of a first issue on homicide (September 2008) and another on non-lethal personal violence (December 2008). The present paper, dealing with personal thefts, is based on research conducted by Renée ZAUBERMAN, Philippe ROBERT, Sophie NÉVANEN and Lisa MICELI and funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche. Measuring crime trends can draw upon several data sources. Victimisation surveys, questioning (...)
PREVENTING ABSENTEEISM AND DROPPING OUT : TENSION IN THE SCHOOL SYSTEM
Maryse ESTERLE is teacher and researcher at the teacher’s school (Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres) of the Université d’Artois and member of the CESDIP. Étienne DOUAT is teacher and researcher at the Université de Poitiers (GRESCO) and associate researcher at the CESDIP for the present research project. This paper describes the approach and main findings of an action research project on the prevention of truancy and school dropout within the Académie de Paris. This action research (...)
IDENTITY CHECKS IN PARIS
This new version of Penal Issues replaces the previous one which had a mistake. We apologie to our readers. René LÉVY and Fabien JOBARD outline the results of the first French quantitative study of identity checks based on direct observation. This investigation was made possible by collaboration between the CESDIP and the Open Society Justice Initiative, which financed it. It was conducted in collaboration with Rachel NEILD and Indira GORIS of the Open Society Justice Initiative and John (...)
VIOLENCE IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. THE DIFFICULT CONSTRUCTION OF AN EDUCATIONAL ORDER
Cécile CARRA teacher and researcher working at the Nord/Pas-de-Calais Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (teachers training school within the Université d’Artois), at RECIFES (Recherches en Éducation Compétences Interactions Formations Éthique Savoirs), and at the CESDIP, has been conducting research on deviant behaviour in schools for several years. She reports on the main findings of her latest study of violence in elementary schools. The research discussed here was aimed at (...)
LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE POLICE IN 2003. A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY
Geneviève PRUVOST is a researcher at the CESDIP, and has authored Profession : policier. Sexe : féminin (Paris, Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 2007) and De la sergote à la femme flic. Une autre histoire de l’institution policière. 1935-2005 (Paris, La Découverte, 2008). She has conducted a socio-demographic survey on the working conditions in the police, in collaboration with Philippe COULANGEON and Ionela ROHARICK (Paris, IHÉSI, 2003). Why do people become police(wo)men ? How do (...)
COMBATING MONEY LAUNDERING : SENTINELS ANS TOOLS AT WORK
Gilles FAVAREL-GARRIGUES (CERI-Sciences-Po), Thierry GODEFROY (CESDIP) and Pierre LASCOUMES (CEVIPOF-Sciences-Po) report on a survey of anti-money laundering professionals. This issue of Penal Issues focuses mostly on the implementation of surveillance and reporting schemes by banking organisations. Twenty years ago, in July 1989, the Paris conference of the G7 launched the international fight against the laundering of money derived from drug trafficking and set banks in the forefront of (...)
JUVENILES IN DETENTION : NARRATIVES FROM PRISON AND IMPRISONED NARRATIVES
Gilles CHANTRAINE does research at the CNRS-CLERSÉ. He discusses some findings from a qualitative study on youths detained in France’s three « juvenile detention wings », conducted in 2007-2008 within the CESDIP, for an analysis and understanding of their social trajectories and how they relate, subjectively, to confinement. This study is an attempt to render and analyse 20 biographic narratives by juveniles detained in the juvenile detention wings of two short-term prisons (maisons d’arrêt) (...)
THE CESDIP’S FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY
That anniversary is special enough to merit an instalment of Penal Issues, with a presentation of the team, the main research themes, the structures within which our international collaboration is developed, and the documentary resource centre, all in their present-day form. The CESDIP, simultaneously a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) research centre and a research department of the Ministry of Justice, is part of the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin since January (...)
PERSONAL VIOLENCE IN FRANCE SINCE THE MID-’80S
Penal Issues has set out to publish the findings of the CESDIP research programme on crime trends. Issue XXI.4 dated September 2008 was devoted to homicides. The present issue is devoted to non-lethal personal violence, as studied by Renée Zauberman, Philippe Robert, Emmanuel Didier, Sophie Névanen and Lisa Miceli in the framework of a contract (open invitation to tender) with the National Research Agency. Estimating the trend in a type of crime requires the comparison of data from several (...)
HOMICIDES IN FRANCE SINCE THE 1970s : STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND OVERALL TRENDS
Laurent Mucchielli, a sociologist and researcher at the CNRS and director of the CESDIP, works currently on personal violence. He has recently published : Une société plus violente ? Analyse socio-historique des violences interpersonnelles en France, des années 1970 à nos jours, Déviance et Société, 2008, 2, 115-146 [1]. since several decades, historians have viewed trends in homicide rates as one of the rare reliable indicators of the evolution of interpersonal violence across Europe. Moreover, (...)
THE JUVENILE COURT JUDGE IN CONTEXT : IN SEARCH OF BALANCE
Benoît BASTARD, sociologist, researcher at the CNRS and member of the Institut des Sciences Sociales du Politique in Cachan, has published a number of studies on the justice system and social work in families, including Les démarieurs (Paris, La Découverte, 2002). Christian MOUHANNA, sociologist and researcher at the CNRS/CESDIP, has repeatedly researched criminal justice and the police. His writings include Une justice dans l’urgence (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2007), in (...)
REPRESSION OF USE OF ILLEGAL SUBSTANCES : AN ASSESSMENT
In this paper, Marie-Danièle BARRÉ summarizes the trend in drug policies and in some penal policy indicators over the last ten-odd years. She recalls the specific contribution of CESDIP surveys on the penal repression of drug use. These show the interrelations between this particular offence and the professional logics in policing, along with the limits of its actual use, both as a signal tool for health agencies and as an instrument for criminal investigation. The history of the drawing up (...)
A DISTINCTIVELY FRENCH CUSTOM : RECURRENT PARDONS AND AMNESTIES
René Lévy is research director at the CNRS. He has recently conducted a study on the French practice of granting collective pardons and amnesties, the most significant findings of which are outlined here. The French habit consisting of periodically "de-flating" the prison population through recurrent collective measures of clemency, be they pardons or amnesties, is a constant source of amazement for people in neighboring countries, who often view it as detrimental to the authority of the (...)
YOUTH GANGS AND "TROUBLE IN THE (HOUSING) PROJECTS"
Marwan MOHAMMED is a post-doctoral sociologist at the CESDIP. He recently wrote his doctoral thesis on « The role of families in the forming of youth gangs ». He also co-edited, with Laurent MUCCHIELLI, a volume entitled « Les bandes de jeunes. Des "Blousons Noirs" à nos jours », published by La Découverte. At the turn of the 21st century, youth gangs have again become an object of societal anxiety, occupying a special place among the different themes forming the magma of concern about crime. (...)
CHIEF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR : A STRENGTHENED PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY
Patricia BÉNEC’H-LE ROUX holds a doctorate in sociology. She is associate researcher at the CESDIP and for several years she has been researching mainly two fields : the sociology of juvenile justice and the sociology of professions (public prosecutors, lawyers, drug abuse workers). The present paper reports on some findings of an interdisciplinary study of changes in the profession of chief public prosecutor, conducted between April 2005 and June 2007. On August 27 2007, a vice-prosecutor (...)
JUDICIAL PROCESSING OF JUVENILES : THE CASE OF RIOTERS "DÉFÉRÉS" IN NOVEMBER 2005
Aurore DELON has two Master’s Degrees in "Political Science Research" (University Versailles-Saint-Quentin). She is a researcher under contract. Laurent MUCCHIELLI, a sociologist and researcher at the CNRS, heads the CESDIP. Following the November 2005 riots, and in the context of public and political questioning of the functioning of the juvenile justice system, we offered our services to the Presidents of Court and the Juvenile Court of Bobigny to conduct research on the minors arrested (...)
PRISON ENTRIES AND LENGTH OF DETENTION. THE DIVERSITY OF THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEMS SITUATION IN EUROPE
Marcelo F. AEBI, professor of Criminology at the University of Lausanne, Bruno AUBUSSON DE CAVARLAY, researcher at the CESDIP, and Natalia STADNIC, researcher in Criminology at the University of Lausanne, analyze the results of the 2005 SPACE I statistical survey of prison populations, conducted under the auspices of the Council of Europe. Of all the sources providing data on penal matters, prison statistics stand first for their regular use in European comparisons. The prison population (...)
VICTIMISATION AND POLICE STATISTICS IN THE ÎLE-DE-FRANCE REGION
The CESDIP has a long history of research on victimisation and insecurity, including surveys conducted directly by the Centre, such as the city surveys discussed in the December 2006 (Questions Pénales, XIX.5) edition of Penal Issues, as well as secondary analyses on data provided by national and the regional public agencies. In this issue, Philippe ROBERT, Renée ZAUBERMAN, Sophie NEVANEN and Emmanuel DIDIER discuss their analysis of data from a survey conducted by the Institut d’aménagement (...)
VICTIMIZATION AND INSECURITY IN URBAN AREAS. THE 2005 SURVEYS
The French Forum for Urban Security has commissioned the CESDIP, which has long been studying victimization and insecurity, to conduct five urban surveys on that subject in 2005. Sophie Nevanen, Emmanuel Didier, Renée Zauberman and Philippe Robert report here on some of the campaign’s findings. The expansion of victimization surveys rests on six contributions specific to the approach : it provides information on cases of victimization unknown to official services because they were neither (...)
VIOLENCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, AS EXPERIENCED BY TEACHERS AND PUPILS
Cécile CARRA, teacher and researcher working at the Nord/Pas-de-Calais IUFM (Institut universitaire de formation des maîtres, the teacher training school) and the CESDIP, has been conducting research on juvenile deviance for several years. She reports on the main findings of a quantitative study on violence within the school system, conducted in schools in the North of France between 2003 and 2006. Too little objective knowledge is available about violence in primary schools, whereas it is (...)
RELATIVITY OF AND GAPS IN SOURCES OF STATISTICS ON PRETRIAL DETENTION
Bruno AUBUSSON de CAVARLAY, a researcher working at the CNRS and member of the Monitoring Commission for Pretrial Detention since 2002, presents an analysis of statistics on pretrial detention1 and draws some conclusions. This discussion partially reproduces some developments to be found in the annual report. His comments on these statistical sources are purely personal. In France, the question of pretrial detention in the criminal justice system has always been controversial, as shown by (...)
SOME ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE IN SOCIAL RELATIONS DELIBERATE ASSAULT AND BATTERY ENTAILING INCAPACITY TO WORK TRIED BY A PARIS AREA CORRECTIONNEL COURT IN THE YEAR 2000
Laurent MUCCHIELLI is a researcher with the CNRS. He teaches at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines and heads the CESDIP. His work concentrates mainly on juvenile delinquency and interpersonal violence. The present study was conducted in collaboration with Rachel Pédejouan, statistician and student at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. The theme of "violence" now occupies a central place in French society, both as fear, as complaint, and as a (...)
SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION IN PUBLIC HOUSING : LETTER FROM AMERICA
Véronique LEVAN is doing her comparative doctoral research in American Studies (University of Paris IV-Sorbonne/CESDIP) on the effects of the implementation of situational crime prevention in public housing in France, Great Britain and the United States. She reports here on the situation in New York City. In France, the repeated announcement that a bill will soon be passed on crime prevention policy, partly focu-sing on dissuasion, along with the cyclic, current event-linked politicized (...)
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERTISE, RISK MANAGEMENT AND POWER RELATIONS IN CANADIAN PRISONS
Gilles CHANTRAINE (CESDIP, Guyancourt, France) and Marion VACHERET (International Centre for Comparative Criminology, Montreal, Canada) have jointly conducted field work aimed at studying social relations in Canadian prisons. The present paper discusses one particular aspect of their research : the concrete impact of psychological expertise and of management of the risk of recidivism on the economy of interpersonal relations in prison. Their analyses thus feed current debate in France on (...)
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRISON LABOUR IN FRANCE, GERMANY AND ENGLANDA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRISON LABOUR IN FRANCE, GERMANY AND ENGLAND
Evelyn SHEA gives an account of the results of her doctoral dissertation in comparative criminal law (Université Robert Schuman, Strasbourg) on the challenges of prison labour in France, Germany and England. The study is part of research on prison regimes conducted by the Laboratoire Européen Associé (CESDIP/Max-Planck Institute for International and Comparative Criminal Law, Guyancourt/Freiburg-im-Breisgau, France/Allemagne). For centuries, prison labour was considered the backbone of (...)
WHEN THE POLICE GO TO COURT. A STUDY OF CONTEMPT, OBSTRUCTION AND ASSAULT ON A POLICE OFFICER
Fabien JOBARD, assisted by Marta ZIMOLAG, describes a study of court decisions between 1965 and 2003 in cases involving offences against persons holding public authority. He looks at possible interpretations of trends in these offences, then raises some questions as to the discriminations observed, depending on the types of individuals prosecuted. Offences against individuals who are "depositories of the public authority" are definitely revealing of tensions between police officers and (...)
A RESEARCH ON GANG RAPE CASES : JUDICIAL DATA AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Laurent MUCCHIELLI, Researcher at the CNRS, teaches at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines and heads the CESDIP. His work focuses include juvenile delinquency and interpersonal violence. The present research project arose from questions elicited by media attention, in France, as intense as it was sudden, to what journalists, using the slang expression in currency, named “tournantes” (“revolving turns”). A yearly count of the number of times the expression “gang rape” was to (...)
PREVENTIVE POLICY FOR DRUG USERS : STRAINED NORMS
Marie-Danièle BARRÉ, researcher at the CESDIP, and Patricia BÉNEC’H-LE ROUX, associate researcher at the CESDIP, discuss the findings of a study of front line actors of drug-related harm reduction policy. The prevention policy aimed at users of illegal drugs is not concerned with use itself only but, among other things, with the consequences of that use when it is not discontinued. In this perspective, various facets of a DrHr policy have been set up in France over something short of twenty (...)
LEAVING SCHOOL, A NEW FORM OF JUVENILE DEVIANCE ?
Maryse ESTERLE-HEDIBEL, researcher at the CESDIP and lecturer at the Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (teacher training school) of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region, discusses her research findings on "School-leaving before age 16, a study of processes (Roubaix, Nord)". The study was conducted between 2001 and 2003 in response to a call to tender by the French Ministry of Education, the Justice Department, the Délégation interministérielle à la Ville (a government agency promoting (...)
OF WHAT USE ARE LAWYERS FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS ?
Patricia BÉNEC’H-LE ROUX, a researcher at the CESDIP, discusses the findings of her doctoral thesis in sociology, on the role of lawyers on the criminal justice scene for minors, supervised by Philippe ROBERT and defended at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. This research deals with the role of lawyers in juvenile courts. Sociological observation of specific situations shows tension between the roles prescribed for one actor, the expectations of other actors and the (...)
IMPOSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF STATISTICS ? THE EUROPEAN SOURCEBOOK EXPERIENCE
Bruno AUBUSSON de CAVARLAY, research director at the CNRS, works on criminal statistics and the functioning of the criminal justice system. The first attempts at quantified international comparisons are as old as criminal statistics themselves ; that is, the early 19th century. The discussion of a resolution aimed at harmonizing national criminal statistics was high on the agenda of the first international conference on statistics, organized in 1853 in Brussels under the auspices of the (...)
THE CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT AS ACTOR ON THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCENE
Anne KLETZLEN is associate researcher at the CESDIP and teaching assistant in transportation law at the University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. She has done research on the development of the highway code as well as on money-laundering. The study presented here, concerned with the role of customs in controlling economic crime, was a cooperative IHÉSI/CESDIP venture. The control of transnational economic and financial crime (TEFC) belongs to two distinctly different registers : (...)
ELECTRONIC MONITORING : ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PHASE
By René LÉVY, Pierre V. TOURNIER, Anna PITOUN (CESDIP), Annie KENSEY (executive office of the French Corrections Administration) The present paper reports on a research on the initial phase of the implementation of electronic monitoring. The research project was conducted jointly by the Bureau des Études, de la Prospective et du Budget of the Corrections Department and the CESDIP. The December 19, 1997 Act no. 97-1159 set up a new alternative to prison, electronic monitoring (EM, more (...)
FRENCH COURT CLERKS : UNCERTAINTIES IN TURNING THE JOB INTO A PROFESSION
Raymonde BOSSIS, a post-graduate student working at the CESDIP, recently defended her dissertation in sociology on "Making court clerk a profession". She outlines her study here. The French word "greffe", meaning Clerk’s Office, is believed to come from the Greek graphein, to write. If writing is referred to in designating the function, it is because justice was handed down orally for a long time. But from the 13th century on, this was found inadequate, especially with the changed (...)
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS IN HOMICIDE CASES
Laurent MUCCHIELLI, a researcher at the CNRS, works on juvenile delinquency, homicide and the history of the sociology of deviant behaviour. This study is part of a broad research program on homicide in France, and follows up on an initial series of publications on the content of tried cases. We have now shifted our focus to those cases which will never go to trial because they have not been solved. The idea was to understand the actual content of criminal investigations work here, using (...)
COMBATTING MONEY LAUNDERING AT THE EUROPEAN LEVEL
Peter HÄGEL, a political scientist and a doctoral fellow at the Social Sciences Department of the Berlin Humboldt University, has spent time at the CESDIP during Spring 2003, as a participant to the Associated European Laboratory "Crime and Policies of Safety and Prevention : French-German Comparative Research". His work bears upon a comparison of European policies of control and regulation of persons’ and financial flows. He is reflecting on the ten-year old struggle against money laundering (...)